Các kiểu dữ liệu SQL cho MySQL, SQL Server và MS Access
Kiểu dữ liệu của cột xác định giá trị mà cột có thể giữ: số nguyên, ký tự, tiền, ngày và giờ, nhị phân, v.v.
Các kiểu dữ liệu SQL
Mỗi cột trong bảng cơ sở dữ liệu bắt buộc phải có tên và kiểu dữ liệu.
Một nhà phát triển SQL phải quyết định loại dữ liệu nào sẽ được lưu trữ bên trong mỗi cột khi tạo bảng. Kiểu dữ liệu là một hướng dẫn để SQL hiểu loại dữ liệu nào được mong đợi bên trong mỗi cột và nó cũng xác định cách SQL sẽ tương tác với dữ liệu được lưu trữ.
Lưu ý: Các kiểu dữ liệu có thể có các tên khác nhau trong cơ sở dữ liệu khác nhau. Và ngay cả khi tên giống nhau, kích thước và các chi tiết khác có thể khác nhau! Luôn kiểm tra tài liệu!
Các kiểu dữ liệu MySQL (Phiên bản 8.0)
Trong MySQL có ba kiểu dữ liệu chính: chuỗi, số và ngày giờ.
Kiểu dữ liệu chuỗi
| Data type | Description |
|---|---|
| CHAR(size) | A FIXED length string (can contain letters, numbers, and special characters). The size parameter specifies the column length in characters - can be from 0 to 255. Default is 1 |
| VARCHAR(size) | A VARIABLE length string (can contain letters, numbers, and special characters). The size parameter specifies the maximum column length in characters - can be from 0 to 65535 |
| BINARY(size) | Equal to CHAR(), but stores binary byte strings. The size parameter specifies the column length in bytes. Default is 1 |
| VARBINARY(size) | Equal to VARCHAR(), but stores binary byte strings. The size parameter specifies the maximum column length in bytes. |
| TINYBLOB | For BLOBs (Binary Large Objects). Max length: 255 bytes |
| TINYTEXT | Holds a string with a maximum length of 255 characters |
| TEXT(size) | Holds a string with a maximum length of 65,535 bytes |
| BLOB(size) | For BLOBs (Binary Large Objects). Holds up to 65,535 bytes of data |
| MEDIUMTEXT | Holds a string with a maximum length of 16,777,215 characters |
| MEDIUMBLOB | For BLOBs (Binary Large Objects). Holds up to 16,777,215 bytes of data |
| LONGTEXT | Holds a string with a maximum length of 4,294,967,295 characters |
| LONGBLOB | For BLOBs (Binary Large Objects). Holds up to 4,294,967,295 bytes of data |
| ENUM(val1, val2, val3, ...) | A string object that can have only one value, chosen from a list of possible values. You can list up to 65535 values in an ENUM list. If a value is inserted that is not in the list, a blank value will be inserted. The values are sorted in the order you enter them |
| SET(val1, val2, val3, ...) | A string object that can have 0 or more values, chosen from a list of possible values. You can list up to 64 values in a SET list |
Kiểu dữ liệu số
| Data type | Description |
|---|---|
| BIT(size) | A bit-value type. The number of bits per value is specified in size. The size parameter can hold a value from 1 to 64. The default value for size is 1. |
| TINYINT(size) | A very small integer. Signed range is from -128 to 127. Unsigned range is from 0 to 255. The size parameter specifies the maximum display width (which is 255) |
| BOOL | Zero is considered as false, nonzero values are considered as true. |
| BOOLEAN | Equal to BOOL |
| SMALLINT(size) | A small integer. Signed range is from -32768 to 32767. Unsigned range is from 0 to 65535. The size parameter specifies the maximum display width (which is 255) |
| MEDIUMINT(size) | A medium integer. Signed range is from -8388608 to 8388607. Unsigned range is from 0 to 16777215. The size parameter specifies the maximum display width (which is 255) |
| INT(size) | A medium integer. Signed range is from -2147483648 to 2147483647. Unsigned range is from 0 to 4294967295. The size parameter specifies the maximum display width (which is 255) |
| INTEGER(size) | Equal to INT(size) |
| BIGINT(size) | A large integer. Signed range is from -9223372036854775808 to 9223372036854775807. Unsigned range is from 0 to 18446744073709551615. The size parameter specifies the maximum display width (which is 255) |
| FLOAT(size, d) | A floating point number. The total number of digits is specified in size. The number of digits after the decimal point is specified in the d parameter. This syntax is deprecated in MySQL 8.0.17, and it will be removed in future MySQL versions |
| FLOAT(p) | A floating point number. MySQL uses the p value to determine whether to use FLOAT or DOUBLE for the resulting data type. If p is from 0 to 24, the data type becomes FLOAT(). If p is from 25 to 53, the data type becomes DOUBLE() |
| DOUBLE(size, d) | A normal-size floating point number. The total number of digits is specified in size. The number of digits after the decimal point is specified in the d parameter |
| DOUBLE PRECISION(size, d) | |
| DECIMAL(size, d) | An exact fixed-point number. The total number of digits is specified in size. The number of digits after the decimal point is specified in the d parameter. The maximum number for size is 65. The maximum number for d is 30. The default value for size is 10. The default value for d is 0. |
| DEC(size, d) | Equal to DECIMAL(size,d) |
Lưu ý: Tất cả các kiểu dữ liệu số có thể có thêm một tùy chọn: UNSIGNED hoặc ZEROFILL. Nếu bạn thêm tùy chọn UNSIGNED, MySQL không cho phép các giá trị âm cho cột. Nếu bạn thêm tùy chọn ZEROFILL, MySQL cũng tự động thêm thuộc tính UNSIGNED vào cột.
Loại dữ liệu ngày và giờ
| Data type | Description |
|---|---|
| DATE | A date. Format: YYYY-MM-DD. The supported range is from '1000-01-01' to '9999-12-31' |
| DATETIME(fsp) | A date and time combination. Format: YYYY-MM-DD hh:mm:ss. The supported range is from '1000-01-01 00:00:00' to '9999-12-31 23:59:59'. Adding DEFAULT and ON UPDATE in the column definition to get automatic initialization and updating to the current date and time |
| TIMESTAMP(fsp) | A timestamp. TIMESTAMP values are stored as the number of seconds since the Unix epoch ('1970-01-01 00:00:00' UTC). Format: YYYY-MM-DD hh:mm:ss. The supported range is from '1970-01-01 00:00:01' UTC to '2038-01-09 03:14:07' UTC. Automatic initialization and updating to the current date and time can be specified using DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP and ON UPDATE CURRENT_TIMESTAMP in the column definition |
| TIME(fsp) | A time. Format: hh:mm:ss. The supported range is from '-838:59:59' to '838:59:59' |
| YEAR | A year in four-digit format. Values allowed in four-digit format: 1901 to 2155, and 0000. MySQL 8.0 does not support year in two-digit format. |
Các kiểu dữ liệu SQL Server
Kiểu dữ liệu chuỗi
| Data type | Description | Max size | Storage |
|---|---|---|---|
| char(n) | Fixed width character string | 8,000 characters | Defined width |
| varchar(n) | Variable width character string | 8,000 characters | 2 bytes + number of chars |
| varchar(max) | Variable width character string | 1,073,741,824 characters | 2 bytes + number of chars |
| text | Variable width character string | 2GB of text data | 4 bytes + number of chars |
| nchar | Fixed width Unicode string | 4,000 characters | Defined width x 2 |
| nvarchar | Variable width Unicode string | 4,000 characters | |
| nvarchar(max) | Variable width Unicode string | 536,870,912 characters | |
| ntext | Variable width Unicode string | 2GB of text data | |
| binary(n) | Fixed width binary string | 8,000 bytes | |
| varbinary | Variable width binary string | 8,000 bytes | |
| varbinary(max) | Variable width binary string | 2GB | |
| image | Variable width binary string | 2GB |
Kiểu dữ liệu số
| Data type | Description | Storage |
|---|---|---|
| bit | Integer that can be 0, 1, or NULL | |
| tinyint | Allows whole numbers from 0 to 255 | 1 byte |
| smallint | Allows whole numbers between -32,768 and 32,767 | 2 bytes |
| int | Allows whole numbers between -2,147,483,648 and 2,147,483,647 | 4 bytes |
| bigint | Allows whole numbers between -9,223,372,036,854,775,808 and 9,223,372,036,854,775,807 | 8 bytes |
| decimal(p,s) | Fixed precision and scale numbers.
Allows numbers from -10^38 +1 to 10^38 –1. The p parameter indicates the maximum total number of digits that can be stored (both to the left and to the right of the decimal point). p must be a value from 1 to 38. Default is 18. The s parameter indicates the maximum number of digits stored to the right of the decimal point. s must be a value from 0 to p. Default value is 0 |
5-17 bytes |
| numeric(p,s) | Fixed precision and scale numbers.
Allows numbers from -10^38 +1 to 10^38 –1. The p parameter indicates the maximum total number of digits that can be stored (both to the left and to the right of the decimal point). p must be a value from 1 to 38. Default is 18. The s parameter indicates the maximum number of digits stored to the right of the decimal point. s must be a value from 0 to p. Default value is 0 |
5-17 bytes |
| smallmoney | Monetary data from -214,748.3648 to 214,748.3647 | 4 bytes |
| money | Monetary data from -922,337,203,685,477.5808 to 922,337,203,685,477.5807 | 8 bytes |
| float(n) | Floating precision number data from -1.79E + 308 to 1.79E + 308. The n parameter indicates whether the field should hold 4 or 8 bytes. float(24) holds a 4-byte field and float(53) holds an 8-byte field. Default value of n is 53. |
4 or 8 bytes |
| real | Floating precision number data from -3.40E + 38 to 3.40E + 38 | 4 bytes |
Loại dữ liệu ngày và giờ
| Data type | Description | Storage |
|---|---|---|
| datetime | From January 1, 1753 to December 31, 9999 with an accuracy of 3.33 milliseconds | 8 bytes |
| datetime2 | From January 1, 0001 to December 31, 9999 with an accuracy of 100 nanoseconds | 6-8 bytes |
| smalldatetime | From January 1, 1900 to June 6, 2079 with an accuracy of 1 minute | 4 bytes |
| date | Store a date only. From January 1, 0001 to December 31, 9999 | 3 bytes |
| time | Store a time only to an accuracy of 100 nanoseconds | 3-5 bytes |
| datetimeoffset | The same as datetime2 with the addition of a time zone offset | 8-10 bytes |
| timestamp | Stores a unique number that gets updated every time a row gets created or modified. The timestamp value is based upon an internal clock and does not correspond to real time. Each table may have only one timestamp variable |
Các loại dữ liệu khác
| Data type | Description |
|---|---|
| sql_variant | Stores up to 8,000 bytes of data of various data types, except text, ntext, and timestamp |
| uniqueidentifier | Stores a globally unique identifier (GUID) |
| xml | Stores XML formatted data. Maximum 2GB |
| cursor | Stores a reference to a cursor used for database operations |
| table | Stores a result-set for later processing |
Các kiểu dữ liệu MS Access
| Data type | Description | Storage |
|---|---|---|
| Text | Use for text or combinations of text and numbers. 255 characters maximum | |
| Memo | Memo is used for larger amounts of text. Stores up to 65,536 characters. Note: You cannot sort a memo field. However, they are searchable | |
| Byte | Allows whole numbers from 0 to 255 | 1 byte |
| Integer | Allows whole numbers between -32,768 and 32,767 | 2 bytes |
| Long | Allows whole numbers between -2,147,483,648 and 2,147,483,647 | 4 bytes |
| Single | Single precision floating-point. Will handle most decimals | 4 bytes |
| Double | Double precision floating-point. Will handle most decimals | 8 bytes |
| Currency | Use for currency. Holds up to 15 digits of whole dollars, plus 4 decimal places. Tip: You can choose which country's currency to use | 8 bytes |
| AutoNumber | AutoNumber fields automatically give each record its own number, usually starting at 1 | 4 bytes |
| Date/Time | Use for dates and times | 8 bytes |
| Yes/No | A logical field can be displayed as Yes/No, True/False, or On/Off. In code, use the constants True and False (equivalent to -1 and 0). Note: Null values are not allowed in Yes/No fields | 1 bit |
| Ole Object | Can store pictures, audio, video, or other BLOBs (Binary Large Objects) | up to 1GB |
| Hyperlink | Contain links to other files, including web pages | |
| Lookup Wizard | Let you type a list of options, which can then be chosen from a drop-down list | 4 bytes |